古筝

古筝是古老的民族乐器，结构由面板,雁柱,琴弦,前岳山,弦钉,调音盒,琴足,后岳山,侧板,出音口,底板,穿弦孔组成.筝的形制为长方形木质音箱,弦架“筝柱”(即雁柱)可以自由移动,一弦一音,按五声音阶排列,最早以25弦筝为最多（分瑟为筝），唐宋时有弦十三根，后增至十六根，十八弦,二十一弦等,目前最常用的规格为21弦,通常古筝的型号前用S163-21 ,S代表S形岳山,是王巽之与缪金林共同发明,163代表古筝长度是163厘米左右,21代表古筝弦数21根. 同名人物，中国女子体操队队员。古筝培训学校。56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
古筝是一件古老的民族乐器，战国时期盛行于“秦”地，司马迁的《史记》所记载《李斯列转．谏逐客书》中所引资料，颇有值得我们注意的地方。李斯《谏逐客书中》述及秦国乐舞的一段说：“夫击瓮，叩缶、弹筝、搏髀，而歌呜呜快耳者。真秦之声也。郑卫桑间，韶虞、武象者，异国之乐也。今弃叩缶、击瓮而就症卫，退弹筝而取韶虞，若是者何也？快意当前，适观而已矣。” 56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
　　筝乃“真秦之声也”，故而历来就有“秦筝”之名，但是若从行文来看，又有值得我们推敲的地方，那就是“击瓮、叩缶”与“郑卫桑间”对举，而“弹筝、搏髀”又与“韶于、武象”对举，因此接下去就有“今弃叩缶，击瓮而就郑卫，退弹筝而取韶虞，若是者何也”的犯戒。这儿的对举显然不是为了文采，而所对举的乃是“乐”于“舞”的形式和内容，所谓“郑卫之音”，就是“桑间濮上”，乃是郑过和卫国的民间音乐，就由此可见“叩缶、击瓮”乃是秦国当时的民间音乐，就是“韶虞”就是“韶箫”，也就是孔子听了后赞之为“三月不知肉味”的《韶》。 56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
　　据说此乐为大虞所作。以上所指的乃是音乐；这音乐显然不是民间音乐，而是宫廷音乐。由此可见，至迟于嬴政当政之时，秦国已用“韶箫”替代了筝，筝当时属于宫廷所用的乐器了，它理当比缶、瓮高雅一些。至于“搏髀”，于之想对举的乃是“武象”。这《武》，也就是《大武》，乃是乐舞，是周人歌颂武王伐纣的。由此可见，“搏髀”当是秦国的宫廷乐舞。李斯所举之例，证明秦国宫廷所用的歌、舞、乐都是别国的，为反驳政治上不用客卿张本。其那文已经提及，李斯进呈《谏逐客书》乃是公元前237年，因此，筝在秦国的流行当是在此之前。筝的产生就相对完善也就理当比李斯书《谏逐客书》要早一些。 56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
　　关于筝的命名，有两种说法，一说乃是有瑟分劈而来，另一说乃是因发音铮铮而得名。《集韵》就持“分瑟为筝”之说：“秦俗薄恶，父子有争瑟者，人各其半，当时名为筝”。当然除了父子争瑟的说法而外，还有兄弟争瑟，以及姊妹争瑟的说法。这些大同小异的传说也正好说明这些说法的不可靠。此外就常识而言，瑟分为二就就成了破瑟，岂能算筝？若将瑟破为二而修补成筝，恐怕远比制作筝、瑟要难吧？另一种说法是因为其发音的性质而得名，刘熙《释名》中“筝，施弦高，筝筝然”，就持此说。说筝因“施弦高”而发音“筝筝然”，这音色显然乃是对瑟的音色舒缓而言的，这就把筝与瑟联系起来了。确实，我们的民族乐器可以因乐器的来源而命名（例如胡琴），也可以因研制方法而命名（例如琵琶），更可以因为音色而得名（例如巴乌），这儿的筝因音色发音“筝（铮）筝然”，而得名也未尝不可。从后文来看，起初的筝与瑟并不密切，这就失去了筝瑟音色对比的意义，从而使此说显得难以使人全信。56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
　　总之，筝很可能来源于一种大竹筒制作的五弦或少于五弦的简单乐器。年代当在春秋战国时期或春秋战国之前，不可能在秦始皇统一中国后的秦代。筝、筑、瑟的关系，既不是分瑟为筝，也不是由筑演变为筝，而很可能是筝筑同源，筝瑟并存。五弦竹制筝演变为十二弦木制筝，筑身筒状共鸣结构演变为瑟身长匣形共鸣结构，可能是参照了瑟的结构而改革的。

GuZheng

The guzheng, or gu zheng (Chinese: 古筝; pinyin: gǔzhēng) or zheng (筝) (gu- means "ancient") is a traditional Chinese musical instrument. It belongs to the zither family of string instruments.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
The guzheng is the parent instrument of the Japanese koto, the Korean gayageum, and the Vietnamese đàn tranh.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
A modern guzhengThe guzheng should not to be confused with the guqin, another ancient Chinese zither but without bridges.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
DescriptionThe modern-day guzheng is a plucked, half-tube zither with movable bridges and 21 strings, although it can have anywhere from 15 to 25 strings (a customized version exists with more than 34 strings). The guzheng's strings were formerly made of twisted silk, though by the 20th century most players used metal strings (generally steel for the high strings and copper-wound steel for the bass strings). Since the mid-20th century most performers use steel strings flatwound with nylon.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
The guzheng has a large resonant cavity made from wu tong wood (Paulownia tomentosa). Other components may be made from other woods, usually for structural and decorative purposes.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
HistoryThe guzheng has existed since the Warring States Period and became especially popular during the Qin dynasty. The ancient guzheng had 12 strings, which gradually evolved into it current forms.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
Until 1961, the common guzheng had 18 strings. In 1961 Xu Zhengao together with Wang Xunzhi introduced the first 21-string guzheng after two years of research and development. In 1961, they also invented the "S-shaped" left string rest, which was quickly adopted by all guzheng makers and is still used today, whether in the shape of the letter "S", "C", etc. The 21-string zheng is the most commonly used, but some traditional musicians still use the 16-string, especially along the southeastern coastal provinces of China and in Taiwan.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
The guzheng is tuned to a pentatonic scale, the 16-string zheng is tuned to give three complete octaves, while the 21-string zheng has four complete octaves.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
Playing styles and performersThere are many techniques used in the playing of the guzheng, including basic plucking actions (right or both hands) at the right portion and pressing actions at the left portion (by the left hand to produce pitch ornamentations and vibrato) as well as tremolo (right hand). These techniques of playing the guzheng can create sounds that can evoke the sense of a cascading waterfall, thunder and even the scenic countryside. Plucking is done mainly by the right hand with four plectra (picks) attached to the fingers. Advanced players may use picks attached to the fingers of both hands. Ancient picks were made of ivory and later also from tortoise shell.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
The guzheng's pentatonic scale is tuned to Do, Re, Mi, So and La, but Fa and Ti can also be produced by pressing the strings to the left of the bridges. Well known pieces for the instrument include Yu Zhou Chang Wan (Singing at night on fishing boat), Gao Shan Liu Shui (High mountains flowing water) and Han Gong Qiu Yue (Han palace autumn moon).56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
Two broad playing styles (schools) can be identified as Northern and Southern, although many traditional regional styles still exist. The Northern styles is associated with Henan and Shandong while the Southern style is with the Chaozhou and Hakka regions of eastern Guangdong. Both Gao Shan Liu Shui (High mountains flowing water) and Han Gong Qiu Yue (Han palace autumn moon) are from the Shandong school, while Han ya xi shui (Winter Crows Playing in the Water) and Chu shui lian (Lotus Blossoms Emerging from the Water) are major pieces of the Chaozhou and Hakka repertories respectively.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
Important players and teachers in the 20th century include; Wang Xunzhi (1899–1972) who popularized the Wulin zheng school centred in Hangzhou in Zhejiang, Lou Shuhua rearranged a traditional guzheng piece and named it Yu zhou chang wan, Liang Tsai-Ping (1911-2000) edited the first guzheng teaching manual Nizheng pu in 1938, Cao Dongfu (1898–1970) from Henan, Gao Zicheng (1918- ) and Zhao Yuzhai (1924- ) from Shandong; Su Wenxian (1907–71), Guo Ying (1914- ) and Lin Maogen (1929- ) from Chaozhou, the Hakka Luo Jiuxiang (1902–78), and Cao Zheng (1920-1998) who trained in the Henan school.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
Many new pieces have been composed since the 1950s which used new playing techniques such as the playing of harmony and counterpoint by the left hand. Pieces in this new style include Qing feng nian (Celebrating the Harvest, Zhao Yuzhai, 1955), Zhan tai feng (Fighting the Typhoon, Wang Changyuan, 1965) and the guzheng concerto "Miluo River Fantasia" (Li Huanzhi, 1984). Contemporary experimental atonal pieces have been composed since the 1980s.56RLearn chinese in shanghai,Learn mandarin, Mandaringarden
The guzheng in other genresThe guzheng has been used by the Chinese performer Wang Yong (王勇) in the rock band of Cui Jian, as well as in free improvised music. Zhang Yan used it in a jazz context, performing and recording with Asian American jazz bandleader Jon Jang. Other zheng players who perform in non-traditional styles include Randy Raine-Reusch, Mei Han, Zi Lan Liao, Levi Chen, Andreas Vollenweider, Jaron Lanier, Mike Hovancsek, and David Sait. The American composer Lou Harrison (1917–2003) played and composed for the instrument. Jerusalem based multi-instrumentalist Bradley Fish is the most widely recorded artist of loops for the guzheng. Fish is known for using the guzheng with a rock-influenced style and electronic effects on his 1996 collaboration "The Aquarium Conspiracy" with Sugarcubes/Björk drummer Sigtryggur Baldursson. The virtual band Gorillaz used the guzheng in their song "Hong Kong" from the Help: A Day In The Life compilation. The Canadian composer Kevin Austin[1] has written several pieces for guzheng and electroacoustic sounds.

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